Week 3 語音的世界 (1)

謝舒凱台大語言所

2023-05-22

今天的主題

上次的題目討論
語音學入門

聲音與語言

聲音三要素

Sound is a physical phenomenon that can be described in terms of three properties 物理上來說：

音量 (大小) loudness 《》振幅大小
音調 (高低) pitch 《》振動頻率高低
音色 (差異) quality 《》許多正弦波疊合而成的複雜波形

聲音無所不在

語音（聲音）是什麼？

Speech Sounds

聲音是一種(縱)波：聲帶震動發出聲響，發音位置修飾在口／鼻腔產生共鳴，以空氣為介質，以波的形式傳遞，在耳中的鼓膜震動，訊號傳入大腦解析。

Speech Sounds: Phonemes

音位（英語：Phoneme），又譯音素，是人類語言中能夠區別意義的最小聲音單位。傳統上用 Minimal pair (最小音對) 方法來辨認。
人類語言中平均的音素數目（大約）是 30（ranging from 141 phonemes in !Xū to 11 phonemes in Pirahā）

Speech Sounds: Some (Interesting) Facts

Vowelless word/sentence in Bella coola (Nuxalk): 聽看看

Speech Sounds: Applications

語音辨識 Speech-to-Text
語音合成 Text-to-Speech
多模態 AI 的時代，Speech 可以跟 XXX (melody, emoji, …) 各種互動轉換

Linguistic approach

語音學 (Phonetics)
- 發音學 (Articulatory Phonetics)
- 語音聲學 (Acoustic Phonetics)
- 語音聽覺學 (Auditory Phonetics)
音韻學 (Phonology)

聲與音的詞彙語意差異，已經透漏了古人的語音學觀念。

Sound Segments

Knowing a language includes knowing the sounds of that language
Phonetics is the study of speech sounds
We are able to segment a continuous stream of speech into distinct parts and recognize the parts in other words

Identity of Speech Sounds

Our linguistic knowledge allows us to ignore nonlinguistic differences in speech (such as individual pitch levels, rates of speed, coughs)
We are capable of making sounds that are not speech sounds in English (but are in other languages)
- The click tsk that signals disapproval in English is a speech sound in languages such as Zulu.

Identity of Speech Sounds

The science of phonetics aims to describe all the sounds of all the world’s languages

Acoustic phonetics: focuses on the physical properties of the sounds of language
Auditory phonetics: focuses on how listeners perceive the sounds of language
Articulatory phonetics: focuses on how the vocal tract produces the sounds of language

圖示

Representing Sounds

怎麼（科學的）描述/表示/轉寫語音？

Spelling, or orthography, does not consistently represent the sounds of language. Why?

Some Problems

The Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)

In 1888 the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) was invented in order to have a system in which there was a one-to-one correspondence between each sound in language and each phonetic symbol