Week 6 構詞句法

謝舒凱 台大語言所

2023-05-22

本週主題

  • Morpho-Syntax (II)

Syntax vs Grammar

  • 句法(syntax)是語言學中研究句子結構的學科。構詞語法則較從世界語言的角度,探究 grammar 特徵 (構詞句法互動)。(注意這裏的 grammar 不是教學意義上的教學文法,而是一個整體語言系統)

  • Subject and Object; Word order

  • Argument: argument, complement (non-subject, obligatory argument), adjunct (optional argument)

  • Agreement

  • (a). The painting resembles a flower.
  • (b). The painting was stolen from the museumr.
  • Constituent: a unit of syntactic structure, such as a phrase or a clause.
  • Syntactic categories: N, V, Noun Phrase, Verb Phrase, Preopositional Phrase, etc.

Constructing a grammar

(形式) 語言學向來的主流假說 - 一個語言的 grammar 由一系列的規則+詞庫組成,這些規則可以用來描述語言的結構。

  • Phrase structure rule and Recursion

Grammatical Features of Languages

grammatical features \(\approxeq\) grammatical categories

  • Grammatical features are the properties of languages that are used to describe the grammatical structure of sentences.

  • 上週提到可以利用 Grammatical Category 來看看不同的語言有哪些語法特徵

這個分佈圖,猜得出是什麼特徵嗎?

This map from the World Atlas of Language Structures Online shows the distribution of gender as a grammatical feature in 256 languages: white = none; yellow = two; orange = three; red = four; black = five or more.

Grammatical Features of World Languages

我們來分別看看頁面中右下的 grammatical features,可以看到有很多種關聯到名詞、動詞、一般等語法特徵。以下是比較重要的幾種。

Case

  • Case is a grammatical feature of nouns, pronouns, and certain other words in some languages, which expresses the grammatical relationship between the word and other words in the clause.

  • From Persian (2) to Tsez (64) cases

  • 英文有幾個格?
  • Gender

  • Number

綜合整理:Icelandic 爲例

Classifier

  • A classifier is a word or affix that accompanies nouns and can be considered to “classify” a noun depending on the type of its referent.

  • 在中文,(量詞、分類詞)、(數量詞)常常混用。

  • 語意分類是可能的嗎?

Genetive construction

possessive construction

Tense-Aspect-Mood (TAM)

時態、時貌、情態

  • In some languages, evidentiality (whether evidence exists for the statement, and if so what kind) and mirativity (surprise) may also be included.

語法特徵的語言單位實現,不見得是單一的詞彙,也不見得是 1-1 的關係。 例如:English -s is used for the third person singular present tense. 反過來說,許多印歐語言也沒有明顯方式來區分 tenseaspect

  • Evidentiality

Clusivity

inclusive "we" and exclusive "we"

Conjugation

  • 動詞的屈折變化 (conjugation) :以便能夠與主語的人稱、數量、性別、時態、情態等不同的語法特徵相符合。

  • 例如:English 的動詞屈折變化,以 be 為例:

    • I am
    • you are
    • he/she/it is
    • we are
    • you are
    • they are
  • 注意 conjugation 這個詞只用在動詞的屈折變化,其他詞類如名詞或形容詞的屈折變化則稱 declension

西班牙文的跑

練習

請解釋 Japhug Rgyalrong 語言中的 associated motion 特徵?

練習

antipassive voice, 和中文的 middle Voice

本週作業

(下週春節放假) 兩週時間完成;個人或團體形式。

  • 選擇一個 grammatical feature,並找出至少三個語言有這個特徵,並說明這個特徵的意義。(注意維基上的[dubious-discuss], 或 [citation needed] 訊息要查證)
  • 設計成一個題目(可當成期末作業的第一版),附上解答與解釋。